The sun is a natural source of energy. Every living creature on Earth has the ability to function, and even its existence, due to the direct or indirect energy from the sun. Solar energy as a new energy, it has three advantages compared with conventional energy: First, it is the most abundant source of energy available to mankind. It is estimated that over the past 1.1 billion years, the sun has consumed 2% of its own energy, which is inexhaustible. Second, no matter where on Earth, there is solar energy, can be developed and used on the spot, there is no transportation problem, especially for rural areas, islands and remote areas with underdeveloped transportation more valuable use. Third, solar energy is a clean energy, in the development and utilization, will not produce waste slag, waste water, waste gas, no noise, will not affect the ecological balance. Our earth is about 100 million miles from the sun. The amount of radiation it intercepts is incredibly small (about 3 parts per 10 million), a tiny amount of energy that is actually 100,000 times greater than the entire world's current power generation capacity. At present, the world, especially the industrialized countries, began to feel the shortage of energy, so people began to turn to solar energy to solve the energy crisis. Solar energy is a kind of radiant energy, we can not directly use, therefore, to convert the sun can be used. At present, the most widely used is the conversion of solar energy into electricity. The process of converting light energy directly into electricity is precisely called the photovoltaic effect. Without the need for any other mechanical parts, the energy in the light is captured by the electrons of the semiconductor device, and electricity is generated. This energy converter, which converts light energy into electricity, is a solar cell. Solar cells, like transistors, are made of semiconductors. Its main material is silicon, but there are also some other alloys. The high-purity silicon used to make solar cells goes through a special purification process. As long as the solar cell is illuminated by sunlight or lights, it can convert light energy into electrical energy, so that the current flows from one side to the other, and generally can emit electricity equivalent to 10% to 20% of the received light energy. Shandong Shantai Group combines LED street lights with solar cells, which is a good application example. During the day, solar panels absorb sunlight to store electricity, and at night or in dim outdoor conditions, automatically sense the external environment to start lighting. This not only does not require the cables and wires required for the installation of traditional street lights, but also uses natural energy and does not require power generation. In today's sustainable development and low-carbon environmental protection, its significance is extremely far-reaching. At present, the application of solar cells has been from the military field, aerospa...

Popular science | A detailed explanation of hydrogen metallurgy In the past few days, Hesteel's world's first 1.2 million-ton hydrogen metallurgy demonstration project has achieved safe and smooth continuous production of green DRI products. At present, the metallization rate of DRI products has reached 94%, and the key indicators have fully met the qualified product standards. They can be used as high-end materials to manufacture high-quality clean raw materials, and are important raw materials to replace electric furnace scrap, especially high-quality scrap. This marks the complete success of the first phase of HBIS's hydrogen metallurgy demonstration project. This project is the first example of the application of hydrogen as an energy source for large-scale industrial production. An important milestone in the transformation. With "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" becoming the main theme of global industrial development, the steel industry, which ranks second in carbon emissions, needs to undergo in-depth reforms. Due to its huge emission reduction potential, hydrogen metallurgy has become the commanding height that leading steel companies are determined to win. Many domestic and foreign steel companies are vigorously deploying projects such as hydrogen energy metallurgy, green hydrogen preparation, and hydrogen energy supply. From "carbon metallurgy" to "hydrogen metallurgy", the iron and steel industry is expected to remove the hats of high carbon emissions, high pollution, and high energy consumption. Reduction reaction with substitution of hydrogen for carbon Hydrogen metallurgy uses hydrogen instead of carbon as a reducing agent and energy source for ironmaking. The reduction product is water, which can achieve zero carbon emissions (the basic reaction formula is Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O, the reducing agent is hydrogen, and the products are iron and water) . 01 Blast Furnace Hydrogen Rich Reduction That is, hydrogen-rich gases such as natural gas and coke oven gas are injected to participate in the ironmaking process. Relevant experiments have shown that hydrogen-enriched reduction ironmaking in blast furnaces can reduce carbon emissions to a certain extent by accelerating the reduction of charge, but because the process is based on traditional blast furnaces, the skeleton effect of coke cannot be completely replaced, and the amount of hydrogen injection has a limit value , it is generally believed that the carbon emission reduction rate of blast furnace hydrogen-rich reduction can reach 10%-20%, and the effect is not significant enough. 02 Gas-based direct reduction shaft furnace That is, by using a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide as a reducing agent, iron ore is converted into direct reduced iron, which is then put into an electric furnace for further smelting. The addition of hydrogen as a reducing agent effectively controls carbon emissions. Compared with the hydrogen-rich reduction blast furnace, the emission of carbon dioxide...

Can flywheels also store energy? Energy storage - the main link in building a new power system In recent years, with the continuous increase in the proportion of renewable energy. The randomness, intermittency, and volatility of new energy power generation seriously affect the stability of the power grid, and its own lack of frequency regulation capability has become a major obstacle restricting its further expansion. How to use these green and low-carbon new energy power more safely, stably and economically has become a challenge for the new power system. Energy storage, using special devices and systems to store energy, release energy when needed, and realize energy transfer in time and (or) space. It has the characteristics of fast frequency modulation and adjustable capacity, providing guarantee for the stable operation of the power grid . Based on this, energy storage is considered to be an essential part of building a new power system with new energy as the main body. flywheel energy storage Energy storage is divided into physical energy storage, electrochemical energy storage, and electromagnetic energy storage. Flywheel energy storage is a kind of physical energy storage. The working principle of flywheel energy storage: under the condition of surplus power, the flywheel is driven by electric energy to rotate at a high speed, and the electric energy is converted into mechanical energy for storage; when the system needs it, the flywheel decelerates, and the motor operates as a generator to convert the kinetic energy of the flywheel into electric energy for the user use. Flywheel energy storage realizes the storage and release of electric energy through the acceleration and deceleration of the rotor. When charging, the speed increases; when discharging, the speed decreases. Compared with other energy storage modes, flywheel energy storage has the characteristics of long service life, multiple charging times, high energy density, and good safety and environmental performance. Composite frequency modulation: flywheel energy storage + lithium battery energy storage Through the "perfect combination" of flywheel and lithium battery energy storage, it combines the advantages of flywheel energy storage with large instantaneous power, millisecond response, multiple charge and discharge times, lithium battery energy storage capacity and high frequency modulation range, and cooperates with thermal power units to assist frequency modulation. It can solve the impact of frequency disturbance on grid stability. For the first time, the flywheel energy storage compound frequency modulation project combines the advantages of "long life" of flywheel energy storage device and "large storage capacity" of lithium battery, which not only expands the total capacity of the system, but also improves the durability of the battery. Combined with the existing thermal power units to provide frequency regulation services for the power grid, it can effectively meet the f...

Do you know that the revolution of silicon materials is about to start? The National Energy Administration recently released the "2023 Energy Work Guidance". It is clear that this year it is necessary to consolidate the development advantages of the wind power photovoltaic industry, promote the first batch of large-scale wind power photovoltaic base projects focusing on deserts, Gobi, and desert areas to be put into operation, and build the second and third batches of projects. The annual wind power and photovoltaic installed capacity will increase by about 160 million kilowatts. According to forecasts, the photovoltaic industry is expected to continue to maintain a growth rate of 40% in 2023. While promoting the rapid and healthy development of the photovoltaic industry, promoting the utilization of renewable energy, and effectively realizing energy conservation and emission reduction, we must pay attention to and accelerate the development of related material industries including polysilicon. By improving the awareness of the importance of developing solar photovoltaic related materials industry, improving the level of independent innovation, and actively developing green production technology, we will continue to promote the cost reduction and efficiency increase of the photovoltaic industry. Situation Analysis of Photovoltaic Industry The solar photovoltaic industry chain is composed of five parts: silicon purification, silicon ingot/wafer production, photovoltaic cell production, photovoltaic cell module production, and application systems. In the entire industrial chain, from silicon purification to application systems, the technical threshold is getting lower and lower. Correspondingly, the number of enterprises is gradually increasing, and the profits of the entire photovoltaic industry chain are mainly concentrated in the upstream polysilicon production link. Profitability is significantly better than downstream. As the upstream of the photovoltaic industry, polysilicon almost accounts for the bulk of the industry's profits, which has also triggered a new round of expansion. According to incomplete statistics, by the end of 2024, China's polysilicon production capacity will exceed 4 million tons. If these production capacities are fully released, the tight supply situation in the industry will be greatly eased. After several twists and turns, where is the way forward for silicon materials? Since the end of 2022, the price of silicon materials has experienced several ups and downs. First, there was a "cliff-like" drop before the Spring Festival in 2023, and then rebounded rapidly after the festival. The highest quotation was once close to 250,000 yuan/ton. However, after the Qingming Festival this year, the average price of silicon materials fell below the 200,000 yuan/ton mark. According to the data of the Silicon Industry Branch, last week the price range of domestic polycrystalline re-feeding was 183,000-197,000 yuan/ton, and the price...

JinkoSolar: The secret to "leading the way" In Shanghai SNEC exhibition in May, JinkoSolar is undoubtedly one of the most shining brands. As a highly innovative photovoltaic company in the world, JinkoSolar shines in Shanghai with Tiger Neo series of high-efficiency modules, Jinko Crystal BIPV series products and intelligent solar storage systems. Not only that, during SNEC, JinkoSolar also announced a piece of information to build the world's largest N-type integrated manufacturing base of 56GW in Shanxi. Qian Jing, vice president of JinkoSolar, and Zhou Chaojie, director of energy storage product manager, explained JinkoSolar's recent industry and product trends in detail at the media meeting, and disclosed the details of this integrated manufacturing base. Leading photovoltaics for many years As a global leader in photovoltaics, as of the first quarter of 2023, JinkoSolar's cumulative shipments will exceed 150GW, ranking first in the global market, and it is also the first photovoltaic company in the industry to break through the milestone of 150GW shipments. At SNEC in 2023, JinkoSolar exhibited a total of five N-type module products, which fit the characteristics of the global household roof market and customer preferences in different regions, and adapt to multiple scenarios. Currently, they have been used in many ground power station projects and Distributed projects. The new generation of Tiger Neo series 182N-72 modules has a maximum power of 620W and a power generation efficiency of over 23%. The first-year attenuation, linear attenuation and temperature coefficient have been optimized in all aspects. It is expected to achieve mass production in Q1 of 2024. Qian Jing said at the media meeting: "In 2022, PERC has reached a growth stagnation period. With the strong growth of N-type demand and the accelerated expansion of N-type production in the industry, the N/P iteration speed will be faster than expected. As N-type JinkoSolar, the leader in N-type technology, will successfully mass-produce N-type technology products in 2022, and create excellent output and yield performance." JinkoSolar's self-developed N-type modules have broken the conversion efficiency record 22 times. The efficiency of the battery laboratory has reached 26.40%, and the mass production efficiency has exceeded 25.40%. Qian Jing said: "Our goal is to increase the mass production efficiency of TOPCon cells to 25.8% by the end of the year, which is a very leading level in the industry. Not only is the efficiency excellent, the high-efficiency N-type battery independently developed by Jinko has the advantages of "three highs and four lows": high efficiency, high power generation, high bifaciality; low attenuation, low temperature coefficient, low BOS, and low LOCE. In the application of N-type, Jinko has conducted a lot of experiments, combined with the power generation data of the client, it fully supports the power generation gain of at least 3% for N-type modules unde...

01. Diodes (1) Secret love is like a root diode, which always flows in one direction. Unless you are lucky and the diode breaks down in the reverse direction when you confess your love, you will continue to pay for nothing in return. Don't complain, who told you to choose the diode. (2) Betrayal in love is like the diode used to eliminate crossover distortion. When you first knew it, you couldn’t understand why that person robbed your lover, but later you realized that AC and DC are different. Yes, so, no matter men or women, before you get married, don't introduce the person you want to entrust your whole life to your best buddies, because often in the end, the problem lies here. 02. PN conclusion (1) Life is like a PN junction, no matter how it is made, there will be capacitance effects, and life will also have ups and downs. You hope that your life goes well, your love will always be sweet, and your marriage will be happy. Sorry, this is the same as eliminating PN junction capacitance. It is a worldwide problem, and of course we need to discover and explore. (2) Love is the PN knot that connects men and women. The teacher said that the PN knot has changed the world. Similarly, love also creates its miracles in this world. Love is a product of civilization, and so is the PN junction. Love needs a man and a woman, and the PN junction also needs two different semiconductors. Human beings cannot live without love, just like this era cannot live without PN junctions. PN junctions dominate the electronic world, and love dominates the history of our civilization.

SNEC site Mingguan n-type battery packaging overall solution, leading the upgrade of component packaging technology From May 24th to 26th, the world's most influential photovoltaic event - SNEC Photovoltaic Exhibition was held in Shanghai. At the scene, International Energy Network visited Mingguan New Materials. 2023 is the year when n-type technology will be fully scaled up. Enterprises have launched n-type products one after another, and hundreds of gigawatts of production capacity are under construction. The entire photovoltaic industry chain is ready for upstream silicon materials, silicon wafers, batteries, modules, and even backplanes, adhesive films, and silver pastes. China's photovoltaic industry is moving towards the n-type era in an all-round way. Then, why does China’s photovoltaic industry rapidly carry out technological iterations, what technical pain points still exist in the n-type era, and how companies face various impacts brought about by technological iterations? I met the relevant person in charge of Mingguan New Materials and listened to him reveal the answers to the above questions. In the n-type era, technology iterations are not limited to batteries The photovoltaic industry is a complete industrial chain. The emergence, development, and further advancement of any technology into the mainstream technology of the industry requires the cooperation of the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain. At the same time, the photovoltaic industry is a very fine-grained industry. Technology upgrades and then technical iterations are completed through bit by bit technological progress, and the process from quantitative change to qualitative change is completed. Just like the current industry hotspot - n-type technology, many people may turn their attention to the field of batteries and modules, focusing on the conversion efficiency of TOPCon or HJT batteries and modules, while ignoring that the improvement of battery and module efficiency is only the final result . In this process, silver paste, adhesive film, and backplane have also made important contributions, and technology upgrades and iterations are also required in the n-type era. According to the person in charge of Mingguan, although the n-type battery technology has many advantages such as high conversion efficiency, high bifaciality, low attenuation, and low temperature coefficient, the special structure of the n-type battery has great impact on the anti-PID performance of packaging materials, Corrosion resistance, water resistance, adhesion and other aspects have more stringent requirements. The packaging materials used in the past for p-type components are not enough to meet the needs of the n-type era. In order to shift the photovoltaic cell module technology from p-type to n-type with higher efficiency, it is necessary to solve the problem of packaging materials, and to have a packaging solution suitable for n-type cell modules. This is a real problem facing th...

550W Photovoltaic Panel Dimensions Photovoltaic panel high efficiency single glass single crystal 550 watts size 2261x1134x35mm. The frame of the photovoltaic panel is made of aluminum alloy, which not only ensures its hardness, but also ensures that it will not rust and rot and is relatively lighter in weight, ensuring its longer service life. On the surface of the photovoltaic panel is a piece of tempered glass with extremely high light transmittance. The more transparent the glass, the higher the power generation efficiency. Therefore, photovoltaic panels have high requirements for the light transmittance of tempered glass. The main cell for power generation is tightly bonded to the tempered glass. Currently, the mainstream photovoltaic cells include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and thin-film power generation cells. The efficiency is good, but the high cost caused him not to be widely promoted. How many kilograms does a 650 double glass solar photovoltaic panel weigh? The weight of 650 double-glass solar photovoltaic panels is generally about 20 kg, and the actual weight varies with manufacturers and models.

French start-up Holosolis, founded by innovation group EIT InnoEnergy, has announced plans to build a 5GW solar module factory in France. Other partners in the project include IDEC Group, a real estate company specializing in the rooftop market, and TSE, a French solar developer specializing in agricultural photovoltaics. According to the plan, it is expected that commercial production will start in 2025 and reach full capacity in 2027. By then, the annual module production capacity will reach 5GW. The factory is located in Sarreguemine in northeastern France, close to the German border, and plans to employ 1,700 people. Modules produced at the factory will focus on three markets: residential rooftops, industrial and commercial rooftops, and agricultural photovoltaics, though the technology used was not disclosed. PV Tech contacted EIT InnoEnergy to find out which technology the new plant will use. Commenting on the announcement, Holosolis CEO Jan Jacob Boom-Wichers said: "We will produce the most energy-efficient modules, using the latest photovoltaic technology, with the lowest carbon footprint and the highest social standards. Economies of scale and production line automation can bring at competitive costs that rival the global giants in the industry." It is the latest in a string of new solar module factories announced in Europe since the European Commission unveiled its Green Deal industry plan in February. The Green Industry Deals scheme aims to expand in-house capacity for net-zero technologies in the EU. Upstream activity in France has been in flux for the past few months. Startup Carbon plans to build a 5GW cell and 3.5GW module plant in Marseille, southern France, which is expected to be operational by the end of 2025. Solar company Reden Solar plans to increase its module production capacity in France from 65MW to 200MW by 2024. Furthermore, EIT InnoEnergy's project is part of an initiative put forward by the European Solar Photovoltaic Industry Alliance (ESIA), for which EIT has been appointed as its secretariat. ESIA's goal is to reach 30GW of production capacity across the entire value chain in Europe by 2025.

The U.S. Treasury Department issued a clarification on Friday (May 12) that developers of domestic solar projects can apply for new IRA subsidies for projects even if the modules used in the projects contain photovoltaic cells made in China. This also means that domestic photovoltaic manufacturers in the United States can import photovoltaic cells from China and assemble them locally into photovoltaic projects, and can obtain a 30% tax credit for IRA taxes and an additional 10% for local manufacturing projects. project cost subsidy. This is of great benefit to the domestic photovoltaic manufacturing industry in the United States and the export of photovoltaic cells in China. However, the new rules point out that if US solar developers want to receive the full tax credits provided by the IRA, the photovoltaic projects need to include a certain proportion of products developed, produced or manufactured in the United States. Guidance proposed by the Treasury Department states that standard solar projects will include products such as modules, trackers and inverters, and that in order to meet this requirement, 40% of the components in these products must be made in the United States. In other words, as current rules allow, U.S. solar producers can continue to import solar cells while trying to meet the 40% domestic content threshold on other components. According to SEIA, this will "spark a wave of investment in clean energy equipment and components made in the United States." But the current problem is that solar cells account for about 30% of the product cost of solar installations, and there is currently no supply of polycrystalline silicon cells in the United States, and polycrystalline silicon-based cells are the dominant technology in the market. In this regard, the American Solar Energy Industry Association has proposed that components assembled in the United States should be eligible for subsidies, regardless of the origin of their batteries.